Ruth Yaron
BS, MBA, MS
author "Super Baby Food"

Starting Solids:

What Age?
Which Food First?
How Much?
What Consistency?

When Should I Start Feeding My Baby Solid Foods?

The answer is: when your pediatrician tells you that it's OK to start solid foods. She will probably agree with the American Academy of Pediatrics, whose guidelines state that the best time to begin feeding your baby solid foods is between 4 and 6 months of age. And the closer to 6 months the better, especially if you are breastfeeding. Your baby's body in its first few months was designed to digest breast milk, or something similar to it. And, calorie for calorie, no solid food has the nutritional quality of breast milk or formula for your young baby. If you feed your baby solid foods too early, her milk intake may decrease. You'd be replacing milk, the best food for your baby, with foods that are nutritionally inferior and not as digestible. Solid foods should not replace breast milk, they should complement it.

Why You Should Wait Until At Least 4 Months

Your baby is not physically ready to eat solid foods until he is around 4 months old. Although your mother or grandmother will strongly disagree, saying that she gave her babies solids when they were only 2 weeks old, there are several reasons to wait at least 4 months before starting your baby on solid foods.

Reason 1. Your baby's digestive system is too immature for solid foods before 4 months. Although he can suck very well, he does not have a lot of saliva to help digest food. Until he is at least 3-4 months old, his system lacks certain digestive enzymes, such as an enzyme called amylase, needed for digesting cereals (starches or complex carbohydrates). His body has trouble digesting some fats before he is 6 months old. Some foods will pass through him undigested and end up in his diaper. And some high protein foods, like eggs, meat, and even cow's milk, given too early may cause problems with your baby's immature kidneys.

Reason 2. Your baby is not developmentally ready to eat solid foods. His throat muscles are not developed enough to swallow solid foods until he is at least 4 months old. And, it is not until about 4 months that he is able to use his tongue to transfer food from the front to the back of his mouth. In fact, when you touch his tongue, he reacts by pushing his tongue outward or forward. This response is called the extrusion reflex or the tongue-thrust reflex and it doesn't disappear until he is around 16-18 weeks old. The first time you feed him with a spoon, it may seem that he is spitting out the food and closing his mouth at the wrong time. But his tongue movement is simply the result of the not-yet-unlearned extrusion reflex and not because he doesn't want the food. It is not until he is about 5 months old that he will see the spoon coming and open his mouth in anticipation.

Reason 3. Your baby must have a way of telling you that he is satiated. He lets you know that he is finished breast or bottle feeding by stopping his sucking or by falling asleep. But until he becomes able to turn his head to refuse food, which occurs at around 4 or 5 months, he has no way of letting you know he has had enough solid food. Because of this inability, some people consider feeding solid foods to a too-young baby a method of force feeding. This practice can interfere with the body's self-regulating eating mechanism and lead to overweight later in life. As with adults, your baby should eat only when he is hungry.

Reason 4. Beginning solid foods too early has been associated with other problems later in life, such as obesity, respiratory problems like bronchial asthma, and food allergies. For more information on how food allergies are caused by too-early introduction of solid foods, see page 33.

Reason 5. Solid foods will not make your baby sleep through the night. Studies show that of all babies sleep through at 3 months of age, whether or not they are eating solid foods. Even if solid foods will help your baby sleep longer, that is still not a good reason to begin solid foods early. I know sleep deprivation is hell, and most of us have been there. Hang in there. One night he'll sleep right through, and then you can start feeling normal again.

Reason 6. If you are breastfeeding and give your baby solid foods too early, your milk production may be decreased.

Don't Wait Longer than 8 Months

After six months, your baby begins to need solid foods for some nutrients, such as iron, vitamin C, protein, carbohydrates, zinc, water, and calories, and delaying food may cause delayed growth. Besides playing a nutritional role, solid foods help your baby developmentally, as discussed under the section Do Not Use an Infant Feeder on page 24. It is crucial that your baby start developing eating and chewing skills between the ages of 7 to 9 months. And if you delay the introduction of solid foods past 8 or 9 months, your baby may refuse textured foods when you finally do offer them to her.

Signs of Readiness for Solid Foods

Your pediatrician looks for certain signs of readiness in your baby before advising you to begin solid foods. Some of these signs are:

• She is at least 4 months old.
• She weighs twice as much as her birth weight.
• She weighs at least 13-15 pounds.
• She can sit with support, allowing her to lean forward when she wants another spoonful and backward to refuse.
• She has control over her head and neck muscles and can turn her head to refuse food.
• She has stopped exhibiting the extrusion reflex when you put a spoon in her mouth.
• She is drinking at least 32-40 ounces of formula per 24-hours and still wants more.
• She is breast feeding at least 8-10 times per 24-hours (after the first few weeks), empties both breasts at each feeding, and still wants more.
• The time between feedings becomes shorter and shorter over a period of several days.
• She can bring an object in her hand directly to her mouth.
• She shows interest in others eating around her.
• She becomes fussy in the middle of the night, whereas before she slept through with no problem. Or her sleep periods are becoming shorter instead of longer.

Baby Food Mathematics

The signs of readiness for solid foods tend to occur around the same time in your baby's life because of a few simple mathematical facts about calories and your baby's body weight. (Math phoebes may skip the next paragraph.)
The average baby needs about 50 calories per day per pound of body weight. Breast milk and formula provide about 20 calories per ounce. Therefore, for every pound of body weight, your baby requires about 2 ounces of milk. At 13 pounds, your baby needs about 650 calories or about 32 ounces of milk. So you see, it's no happenstance that the signs of readiness coincide.

Which Food Should Be First?

The first foods you should feed your baby are those that are easily digested and least likely to trigger an allergic reaction. Opinions vary, but the most often recommended first food is commercial iron-enriched baby rice cereal. Other popular first foods are avocado, sweet potato, ripe banana, and if your baby is older, millet cereal and yogurt. You and your pediatrician should decide which food should be given to your baby at her very first meal.

Commercial Rice Cereal

Commercial iron-fortified baby rice cereal is the first choice of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Rice is very easily digested, is rarely an allergen, and thins readily when added to liquid. Most commercial cereals are refined and processed. Earth's Best is not--it is made from whole brown rice and is organic. If you wish to use commercial baby cereal, I highly recommend Earth's Best. Find it at some supermarkets, all natural foods stores, or order from some baby product catalogs or from mail order natural foods companies (page 134). Store opened boxes of cereal in a cool, dry place for up to 1 month. After 1 month, the cereal's nutrient content begins to decrease.

Homemade Whole Grain Cereals

If your baby is at least 6 months old, I recommend homemade whole grain brown rice or millet cereal as baby's first food. These cereals are easily digested and have a naturally high iron content. Please read about iron supplements on page 64. However, your baby must be at least 6 months old before he has the necessary digestive juices to handle the complex carbohydrates in these cereals. Instructions on how to prepare and store homemade whole grain cereals (Super Porridge) begin on page 190 in Part II.

Banana

Mashed ripe banana is an excellent first food for baby. As discussed on page 360, bananas are nutritious and very easy for your baby to digest. Many other cultures use banana exclusively as their first baby food. However, I have to mention that some experts caution that the sweet taste of bananas may give your baby a "sweet tooth" and cause him to refuse less sweet tasting foods later. I personally wouldn't be concerned about that. My baby started on bananas and he now happily eats brewer's yeast! If you've ever tasted brewer's yeast you know what I mean.

WARNING: Some experts recommend against feeding a young baby bananas because of the fungicides with which they (and all other imported fruits) are sprayed. Banana skins are porous, allowing the fungicides to be absorbed into the flesh. Try to buy only certified organically-grown bananas.

Avocado

Mashed ripe avocado is also an excellent first food for baby. They are so nutritious that some claim humans can live on them exclusively. Avocados are also an excellent source of the unsaturated fatty acids that your baby needs for brain development. See page 359 for more information on avocados.

Cooked Sweet Potato

Cooked mashed sweet potato is another favorite first food. It is highly nutritious and rich in beta-carotene (vitamin A). This is a great first food for your 4-month old baby, if you don't wish to start her out on sweet bananas or a processed baby cereal. Sweet potatoes are discussed in detail on page 390.

Yogurt

Yogurt is similar tasting to milk, and for this reason and many others, it is a good first food for babies who are at least 5 or 6 months old. Whole milk yogurt is recommended, because your baby needs fats. Baby yogurt, of course, should be of the plain variety. Don't buy the yogurt with sugary fruit added or, worse yet, the yogurt that has artificial sweetener. It is important to note that although yogurt may be given to a baby younger than 1 year old, cow's milk should not. If allergies to milk run in your family, you shouldn't feed your baby yogurt. Talk to your pediatrician. Milk allergy and lactose intolerance are discussed in more detail on page 36. There is more information on yogurt, including how to save lots of money by making your own (it's easy!), in the appendix on page 401.

The Consistency of the First Solid Food is Not!

"Solid" is a misnomer--to eat foods that are actually solid, your baby would need a good set of teeth, which she won't have for quite some time! Your baby's first food, after breast milk or formula, should be more liquid than solid. In fact, it should be so liquid that it pours. To get this very thin consistency, the first food should be mixed with a large proportion of breast milk, formula, or water. More about this in the section Baby's Very First Meal on page 25.

How Much Food Should I Feed my Baby At Her First Meal?

You may be surprised at how little food you should give your baby at her first meal--no more than a teaspoon or two. The amount that she will eat at any meal depends on her age and weight, and how much liquid she is drinking. The chapter How Much Should My Baby Eat? gives more information on the amount of food you should feed your baby. The next section, Baby's Very First Meal, gives explicit directions on how to begin feeding your baby.

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Ruth Yaron

Why pay more than $1.00 for 1/2 pound of processed commercial baby cereal, when you can make your own baby oatmeal for pennies a serving? Put a cup of water in a saucepan on the stove top to boil. Meanwhile, take 1/4 cup (4 tablespoons) of oatmeal (non-quick cooking) and whiz it in the blender until it becomes a powder, stir it into the cup of boiling water, turn the heat down to low, and let cook for 10 minutes. Stir with a whisk or fork to prevent lumping and scorching on the bottom. Let cool thoroughly before feeding to your baby. It will look just like the commercial boxed baby oatmeal mixed with liquid, but much, much more economical!

Baby's food should be only moderately warm, about 99 degrees or body temperature -- like breast milk. Test for safe temperatures by poking or swirling your clean finger throughout the bowl -- the cereal should feel neither hot nor cold because it should be at body temperature. (If you are uncomfortable putting your finger into your baby's food, remember that it is certainly better than burning your baby's mouth!)

TIP: You can double the recipe and store half of the cooked oatmeal, covered well, for up to two days in the refrigerator.

When warming food from the refrigerator for baby, warm ever so slightly on the stove top or for a few seconds in the microwave, just enough to get the chill out. Stir very well to distribute any "heat pockets" or "hot spots" that may burn your baby's mouth. Then test for proper temperature as described above.

You can buy oatmeal at the supermarket, but take a trip to your local health food store to get certified organic oatmeal. It may be a little more money than the non-organic supermarket oatmeal, but it's well worth it for your precious little baby. Who knows what long-term effects pesticides have on your little baby's body?! And organic oatmeal from the natural foods store costs only a small fraction of the over-priced commercial brands of baby oatmeal.

NOTE: Always consult your pediatrician before feeding any foods to your baby. One advantage of using baby formula and commercial boxed baby cereals is the added iron, but you can make up for the lack of iron supplementation in homemade baby cereals by giving your baby over-the-counter (no prescription needed) iron drops. They are sold in any pharmacy and most supermarkets. Make sure you get your pediatrician's OK first.

The Super Baby Food book has instructions for making baby brown rice cereal and other healthy whole grain cereals for your baby. Recipes also include cereals with added split peas, lentils, soybeans, and other legumes, which are just as quick and easy to make. Whole grains and legumes are SUPER FOODS that you want to include regularly in your baby's diet (and in your diet also!). You may not like them, but your baby will. Her taste buds have not yet been ruined by the highly-processed, sugared, salted foods to which most of us are accustomed. Why not start her on a healthy diet of homemade, whole, natural foods! You'll save lots of money on baby food bills and, by eating a super healthy diet your baby will be happier and healthier, and your super healthy baby will save you money on doctor bills :-) !!

I'll never understand why parents pay a fortune for jarred, processed bananas when fresh are soooo easy! To make bananas for baby, peel a ripe banana and thoroughly fork-mash until there are no lumps and the banana is so mushy it's almost liquid. That's all there is to it.

If your baby is just starting on solid foods, you can mix the mashed banana with a little formula or breast milk to make it a very liquidy consistency.

Most commercial jarred baby bananas are not organic. Try to buy only certified organic bananas, because bananas (and all imported fruits) are sprayed with fungicides which can be absorbed into the peel and flesh of the fruit.

Take a slice of un-toasted whole grain bread. Remove crusts. (Use crusts for bread crumbs. See section on how to save money by grinding your own bread crumbs from those end slices that no one ever eats.) Spread with all fruit no-sugar-added jelly or jam. Roll bread up as you would a sleeping bag. Stab with a skinny carrot or celery stick or toothpick to keep from unrolling. Instead of, or in addition to, the jelly, use peanut butter, cream cheese, tahini, humus, or any sandwich spread. One of the sandwich spreads should be a colorful jelly so your child can see the swirl.

Don't deep fry potatoes in all that oil--bake them for your toddler instead! Cut up 2 or 3 potatoes into quarters, eighths, or French fry shapes. You can peel them if you wish, but remember that the peels have lots of nutrients. Put the cut-up potatoes in a bowl and toss them with melted butter. Use only about 1 teaspoon of melted butter for each potato. (Or save washing a big bowl and brush them with melted butter instead.) Spread potatoes on a cookie sheet sprayed with non-stick cooking spray. Bake in pre-heated 400 oven for 20 minutes or until browned.

Variations: Sprinkle some Parmesan cheese and/or parsley on those fries before they go into the oven--delicious! Or use sweet potatoes instead of white potatoes for an extra jolt of vitamin A.

Cut cantaloupe in half (length-wise or width-wise) and reserve the rind shells for later use as bowls. Scoop out seeds. Use melon baller to scoop out balls. Return melon balls to shell bowls with to cup plain yogurt for each bowl. Serve immediately for maximum taste and nutrients. Kids will love the natural bowls. If the bowls are rolling around and unstable, cut a slice off the bottom to make them flatter.

Variations: Pineapple, honeydew melon, or papaya can be used instead of cantaloupe. Sprinkle ground or chopped nuts on top, or add a squirt of lemon or orange juice.

Dice or mash a kiwi with fork. Add cottage cheese, wheat germ, and a little maple syrup. Add a pinch or two of brewer's yeast (whose bitter flavor will be hidden by the sweetness of the kiwi and syrup) for an extra nutritional punch. Remember that vitamin C and iron work together. There is vitamin C in the kiwi and iron in the wheat germ.

Variations: Instead of kiwi, you can use banana; instead of cottage cheese, you can use yogurt. Banana adds iron, but not much vitamin C, so serve with orange juice or some other high vitamin C juice.

Crush ice in blender to make snow. Use ice cream scoop to shape like snowballs and place in bowls. Pour fruit juice over snowballs. Your toddler will have lots of fun with these!

Variation: For a sweeter, thicker topping, use fruit juice concentrate mixed with a little water. Use paper cups instead of glass for a refreshing outside summer snack.